site of the original radium company city of orange

https://www.loc.gov/item/nj1645/. In 1664, James conveyed the land to two proprietors, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. [3] In 1945 the Office of Strategic Services enlisted the company's help for tests of a psychological-warfare scheme to release foxes with glowing paint in Japan.[6]. The higher the activity of the radium-226 (and the brighter the luminescence) the faster the deterioration. United States Radium Corporation, Paint Application Building, 422 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ, Historic American Engineering Record, creator. Equally important, scientific investigation of these dial painters, and of other victims of radium poisoning, led to the establishment of health standards used to protect workers in radioactive environments and to the emergence of human radiobiology as a field of study. Radium-226 is an alpha emitter with a 1600 year half-life. Other radionuclides have also been used, e.g., strontium-90 (Sr-90) and carbon-14 (C-14). Website Design by . Therefore, the town became a busy thoroughfare for travelers, and hotels abounded due to the advent of stagecoach travel. The practice of adding mesothorium ended by 1930. Building zone map. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. No more adhesive than necessary would be used because the adhesive would absorb some of the alpha particle energy before it could be deposited in the zinc sulfide. Orange, New Jersey. The City of Orange Township is approximately 2.2 square miles and is surrounded by the municipalities of East Orange, South Orange and West Orange. The City historically contained two marsh land areas bounded by the North side of Main Street, between Day Street and South Harrison Street, stretching to Highland Avenue and both sides of Irvington along South Center Street. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. There were no publicly recognized health or safety problems identified or standards established for handling radioactive materials at this time. The "M&E" later became a vital part of the Delaware, Lackawanna, & Western Railroad (DL&W) and survives today as NJ Transit's busy Morristown Line. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Any mesothorium that might have been used will no longer be present, it has long since decayed away. Early settlers found a profuse growth of hemlock trees, an ideal supply of tannic acid for the tanning industry, and boot and shoe-making factories soon flourished. Source: Department of Energy "Considered Sites" database and/or other government records. %%EOF Bound. In that year, the company consolidated its operations at facilities in Morristown, New Jersey and South Centre Township east of Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania. When the electrons reach an activator, it is left in an excited state. The 2, 3, 6, and 8 were hardest to make correctly, for the fine lines which contrast with the heavy strokes in these numerals were usually too broad, even with the use of the finest, clipped brushes. 4 skeleton maps. It emits a gamma ray at 121 keV in a small fraction of its decays. Therefore, it does not license or charge permission fees for use of such material and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Their case was among the first in which a company was held responsible for the health and safety of its employees, and . At that time, a typical activity for GTLS was 200 mCi. For wiping and tipping the brush the workers found that that either a cloth or their fingers were too harsh, but by wiping the brush clean between their lips the proper erasing point could be obtained. It does not emit gamma rays. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in In some plants the brush was also tipped before painting a numeral. It was once the hat-making capital of the United States, as several brothers founded the "No-Name Hat Company," before one of them moved on to make fedoras in Philadelphia under the family name, "Stetson." If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing Over time, the intensity of the glow from the paint will decrease because of the damage caused to the ZnS crystals by the alpha particles. Impurities may be added to the zinc sulfide as follows: Cadmium, 0.05 per cent; copper, 0.001 per cent; manganese, 0.0002 per cent.". 72. This firm refined ore and extracted radium used to make luminous paint for dials and hands of watches and other indicators. All tritium operations at the plant ceased by the end of 2007. These records document the perspective of the United States Radium Corporation (USRC) and its predecessor, the Radium Luminous Material x%_TMYR5V.3ukV{Vg4cc100 `=a_ld1`16H~dbwq8'N#b}w[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[l[*[l[l[l&)6v0./b-b-b]{j!/We_9+b-b-b++(o|GsyzkOe7l7.jI-RMn vKmYl[l[dcOgl7V|K+YLH%pWmNG7/%Z?-?]eV{n q}w?lb-b}+LwJy[l[Wt7'mbVtwsU?RXl[l}7]j the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. As a result of the ingestion of the radium, many of the dial painters developed medical problems of varying degrees of severity. They also got into the business of mining and producing radium. The workers had been told that the paint was harmless. After initial success in developing a Glow-in-the-dark radioactive paint, the company closed in the late 1920s in the wake of severe illnesses and deaths of workers who had ingested radioactive material when they licked their brushes to paint the thin lines . In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is paper records, found to be radioactive, were discovered by the Environmental Protection. A notable employee from 1921 to 1923 was Victor Francis Hess, who would later receive the Nobel Prize in Physics. With the advent of the profitable shoe and hat-making factories, wealthy industrialists fashioned large airy country homes in sections, North of Main Street, that took advantage of access to the railroads and the mineral springs of West Orange. The city was once known as a health resort, due to its fine climate and the medicinal qualities of the water in this area. In 1850, with the influx of factory workers, housing construction significantly increased the density of housing in the area. By 1900, a thriving immigrant working class culture existed. Factory employees generally resided in multiple-family dwellings surrounding a small business district. The next major residential development occurred during the post-World War I period in the Seven Oaks section. This area is surrounded by the Colgate Estates and in proximity to the Highland Avenue Rail Road Station. Seven Oaks is still noteworthy as having the highest quality of housing and neighborhood amenities in Orange. . The greater the number of alpha or beta particles striking the crystals, and the greater the energy deposited in them, the brighter the light. Orange was connected with the metropolitan area markets as early as 1705. Orange lay on the Mt. %PDF-1.4 |7pGoP]%P37`}! m2Las )S-,\5x7X\`=A{=7^{{nUp`V]aOr\2[sKvv1!{Kgx;Soo*RgQzqB]!.nmg^xyH=FL]! The main portion of the Site is located in a densely populated, urban residential neighborhood.". To rectify these broad parts the brush was cleaned and then drawn along the line like an eraser to remove the excess paint. 0000002975 00000 n *UK/{Zj>b 0000000612 00000 n These decay products (Rn-222, Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214, Pb-210, Bi-210, and Po-210) emit alphas, betas and gamma rays. trans by Alfson, Marymitter Documentation Compiled After. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. There were no publicly recognized health or safety problems identified or standards established for handling radioactive materials at this time. Initially, the stagecoach was the primary method of transportation, and then omnibuses of the Eclipse and the Morris & Newark Lines serviced Orange. The betas emitted by tritium are of too low an energy to penetrate the watch case and contribute to the dose. To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Prominent hatters, including the Stetsons, relied largely on Irish, German, and later Italian workers to staff their factories. Hatting peaked in the 1890s. By 1892, 21 firms were engaged in that trade, employing over 3,700 people in plants valued at nearly $1.1 million. All rights reserved. Estimates of the doses to individuals wearing tritium-containing watches vary: NUREG-1717 calculated both the dose to the skin in direct contact with the watch case, and the dose due the absorption through the skin of tritium in the general room air. The sealed tubes, made of borosilicate glass, were 0.5 to 1.0 cm long, and one or two millimeters in diameter. Recognizing a good opportunity, a gemologist at Tiffany & Company, by the name of George Kunz, did patent it. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Alfson, M., trans Documentation Compiled After. Zinc sulfide powder has been the most widely used luminescent material. Please do not ask about an appraisal as we do not attribute monetary values to items. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. When the activator deexcites, a photon of light is emitted. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. Also, radium mining in Canada ceased in 1954, driving up supply costs. The Pm-147, mixed together with ZnS in a polymer paint, is either an insoluble oxide or is incorporated into ceramic microspheres. The Deterioration of the Paint's Luminosity. Standard Chemical Company used the name "Luna" and the Cold Light Manufacturing Company, a subsidiary of the Radium Company of Colorado, made "Marvelite." According to NCRP Report No. The tritium, which is really hydrogen, is incorporated into a polymer that also contains the luminescent material (usually ZnS). There is almost no information available about the average activity of radium in clocks, nevertheless, it is known that the average activity in the clock dials from one manufacturer during the early 1970s was 0.5 uCi. Radioactive Materials / Other Materials of Interest. 72. In November 1928, Dr. von Sochocky, the inventor of the radium-based paint, died of aplastic anemia resulting from his exposure to the radioactive material, "a victim of his own invention. Several workers died, and the health risks associated with radium were allegedly known, but this company continued dial painting operations until 1940. the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on record ("About This Item") with your request. The U. S. Radium Corporation site is a National Priorities List site located in Orange, New Jersey. Since then, similar but smaller tubes attached to the hands and dial faces of analog watches have been used. During World War I, demand for dials, watches, and aircraft instruments painted with Undark surged, and the company expanded operations considerably. At that time, at least in the US, radioluminescent paint saw little application. The Journal welcomes any information to improve their accuracy. ^_M~oVX'|/>pbm.4Wx].k%5l+NMXBpfS>cIEh9 WpjSqJ;mwufYZvXl +yv; ##{*7rqakf|48-b[1_Q%\&S;cn\ZR8W5;Rse4eKd% /qwv0Clt,E/Mbr?D.:0-f} such as microfilm or copy prints? The original practice of using the mouth to put a point on a brush is described as follows by Robley Evans: "In painting the numerals on a fine watch, for example, an effort to duplicate the shaded script numeral of a professional penman was made. N 'l" Agency (EPA) during cleanup operations at the Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania Safety Light Corporation Superfund site. Nevertheless, in the early 1950s the U.S. military began to use Sr-90 instead of Ra-226 in its radioluminous personnel and deck markers. IN the early 1920's, young women in Essex County began showing up in the offices of doctors and dentists with such problems as aching bones, ulcers of the gum, tooth loss, anemia . I don't have much information about the activities in these watches but it seems that they range from about 25 to 100 mCi. Trommers brewed beer under that label until 1950, when the concern was again sold to Liebmann Breweries, Incorporated, which bottled Rheingold. Eventually, after several additional owners, the plant was closed for good in 1977. The inside wall of the tube was coated with the luminescent material while the tritium was present as a gas. The typical release rate from watches using tritium sealed in glass tubes (e.g., GTLS) is less than 0.00025 uCi per hour. Sr-90 and Y-90 are almost always present together in the same activities (i.e., in secular equilibrium). No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Actor William Bendix lived and worked here for a short while. [3], The company struggled after World War I: the loss of military contracts sharply reduced demand for luminescent paint and dials, and in 1922, high-grade ore was discovered in Katanga, driving all U.S. suppliers out of business except U.S. Radium and the Standard Chemical Company. figueroa street shooting; jeffrey friedman chiropractor; gifted child humming; how to adjust sim max driver; site of the original radium company city of orange. [13] The company, it was alleged, deliberately delayed settling litigation, leading to further deaths. The area was situated in the northeast portion of a land grant conveyed by King Charles II of England to his brother James, Duke of York. Systematic Radiological Assessment of Exemptions for Source and Byproduct Materials. It might be worth noting that tipping the brushes was not something the dial painters just decided to do. x1 04f\a_&`'MF[. City Council Agenda; Watch Meetings Online; Orange TV3 Live; By-District Elections; Boards and Commissions; Social Media. https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html, Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes Survey, Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscape Survey (HABS/HAER/HALS) Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information, United States Radium Corporation, 422-432 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ, United States Radium Corporation, Paint Application Building, 422 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ, Ford Motor Company Edgewater Assembly Plant, Assembly Building, 309 River Road, Edgewater, Bergen County, NJ, Route 7 Bridge, Route 7 (1AG) over Passaic River, Belleville, Essex County, NJ, Haddam Neck Nuclear Power Plant, Waste Disposal Building, 362 Injun Hollow Road, Haddam, Middlesex County, CT. Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Orange, Essex County, New Jersey. That the radiation emitted by radium would cause various materials, such as zinc sulfide, to fluoresce was first recognized by Henri Becquerel. Source: *National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Bound. For the purpose of these calculations, the activity was assumed to be 100 uCi per timepiece (watch or clock). Even before official standards of workplace radiation exposure were established after World War II, data from dial painters' cases were a major source in the health and safety codes developed for the wartime Manhattan Project. When incorporated into radioluminescent paint, much lower activities (2 mCi) are employed. Radium decays into a number of short lived decay products that can usually be expected to be present at, or close to, the same activity as the radium. At the start of the 20th century, radium made its way into everyday items, from cosmetics to medicines to toys. It was capitalized at $1,000,000, and according to the incorporation papers it had an office at in room 1230 at 346 Broadway in New York City. If radium is ingested or inhaled, the radiation emitted by the radionuclide can interact with cells and damage them. 3 0 obj In one, the effective dose equivalent was estimated to be 0.2 mrem per year. Run by two major radium companies, United States Radium Corporation in New England, and Radium Dial Company in the Midwest, these companies needed workers who could do precise paint jobs for factory wages. The Department of Energy initially considered cleaning up this site under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program, but decided not Little, E. H. - Colgate, Samuel - Colgate, Gilbert - Colgate, Richard - Colgate, William - Christianson, Justine - Colgate, Austen - Palmolive Company - Colgate, Sidney - Zakalak, Ulana D Little, E. H. - Colgate, Samuel - Colgate, Gilbert - Colgate, Richard - Colgate, William - Christianson, Justine - Colgate, Austen - Palmolive Company - Colgate, Sidney - Zakalak, Ulana D - Flagg, Thomas R - Colgate, Bowles - Historic American Engineering Record - Raber, Michael S - Weinstein, Gerald - Palmolive-Peet Company - Colgate-Palmolive - Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Company - Colgate, Charles - Associates of the Jersey Company - Pearce, Charles - Colgate, Russell, Photo(s): 2 | Data Page(s): 7 | Photo Caption Page(s): 2, Raber, Michael S - Turner Construction Company - Hartz Mountain Industries, Incorporated - Kahn, Albert - Ford Motor Company - Flagg, Thomas R - Pittsburgh Clay Products Company - Historic American Engineering Record. Sr-90 is a pure beta emitter (although there can be substantial bremsstrahlung production) with a 30 year half-life. While the radium-zinc sulfide mixture could be placed directly in glass vial and used, a paint had to include some sort of adhesive, e.g., lacquer or gum binder. After initial success in developing a glow-in-the-dark radioactive paint, the company was subject to several lawsuits in the late 1920s in the wake of severe illnesses and deaths of workers (the Radium Girls) who had ingested radioactive material. *Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program. It then became known as the City of Orange Township. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints This site handled (or was contaminated by) radium, according to government records. Radium City Brewing, Ottawa, Illinois. <]>> available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. Photo(s): 3 | Data Page(s): 98 | Photo Caption Page(s): 2, Raber, Michael S - Alfson, Mary - Weinstein, Gerald - Flagg, Thomas R - Historic American Engineering Record - Boesch, Eugene J, Photo(s): 2 | Data Page(s): 14 | Photo Caption Page(s): 2, Raber, Michael S - Alfson, Mary - Historic American Engineering Record - Weinstein, Gerald - Boesch, Eugene J, Photo(s): 89 | Data Page(s): 53 | Photo Caption Page(s): 7, Raber, Michael S - Turner Construction Company - Weinstein, Gerald - Pittsburgh Clay Products - Kahn, Albert - Hartz Mountain Industries, Incorporated - Flagg, Thomas R - Historic American Engineering Record - Cary, Brian, Photo(s): 17 | Data Page(s): 42 | Photo Caption Page(s): 3. & Raber, M. S., Flagg, T. R. & Weinstein, G., photographer. The other areas separated from the Town of Orange on various dates: South Orange was organized on January 26, 1861; Fairmount (later to become part of West Orange) on March 11, 1862; East Orange on March 4, 1863; and West Orange (including Fairmount) on March 14, 1863. Kunz and Charles Baskerville, a chemist, made their paint by mixing radium-barium carbonate with zinc sulfide and linseed oil. Historic American Engineering Record, C., Boesch, E. J. - The company did not stop the hand painting of dials until 1947. The total effective dose equivalent to the individual wearing the watch would therefore be 0.04 mrem per year. NUREG-1717 also calculated the effective dose equivalent to the wearer of a Pm-147 containing watch using two scenarios. The author was D.W. Gregory. As a result of achieving status as a town, Orange was permitted to establish fire, police, street and other town departments. Hat-making was the essential industry, and can be traced to 1792. 95, radium has not been used in radioluminescent watches since 1968, or in clocks since 1978 (these dates are approximate). endobj In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Next to no light is due to gamma rays. "Living in one or our leading residential areas adjacent to the metropolitan centers of the middle Atlantic seaboard, you provide a splendid example of modern community life. It has been estimated that a dial painter would ingest a few hundred to a few thousand microcuries of radium per year. A large amount of the contamination resulted from the mishandling of the original Radium Dial Company plant in Ottawa. If filmmakers were to take up such real-life dramas . Historic American Engineering Record, Creator, et al., photographers by Flagg, Thomas R, and Gerald Weinstein. Orange has made great strides with these resources and in the year 2000, for the first time in fifty years, Orange gained almost 3000 in population; reaching almost 33,000. For the next twenty-five years, to 2030, Orange is projected to continue to gain population. The City of Orange Township is supporting these positive forecasts with major planning initiatives to generate new housing and economic growth in the City. As we approach the 21st Century, Orange continues to rely on the strengths that have historically made it great location for residential and commercial development: a small-sized, densely populated, centrally located municipality with a highly efficient transportation network that links train, bus, and regional highway access. Perched on the brink of its brighter future, we hope that a look at Orange's past can provide some valuable lessons for the present and the future. Photograph. "[14], The victims were so contaminated that radiation can still be detected at their graves, using a Geiger counter. Historic American Engineering Record, Creator, Eugene J Boesch, and Michael S Raber, Weinstein, Gerald, photographer. Beginning in 1920j, radium dial painters at the plant began reporting health problems later associated with radium exposure and many died over the next decade. & Raber, M. S., Weinstein, G., photographer. By itself, radium in high enough concentrations will glow blue, a phenomenon first observed by Marie and Pierre Curie. If you have any technical or historically-related questions about the collection, or if you are interested in making a donation, contact Dr. Paul Frame via email. In 2005, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission declined to renew the licenses for the Bloomsburg facility,[11] and shortly thereafter the EPA added the Bloomsburg facility to the National Priorities List for remediation through Superfund. Through our specialized teams of experts and access to a consortium of more than 150 major Ph.D.-granting institutions, ORAU works with federal, state, local and commercial customers to provide innovative scientific and technical solutions and help advance their missions. Map of congested district. Photograph. "Approximately 1/2 to 2 tons of ore per day was processed and disposed of on and Beginning in 1920j, radium dial painters at the plant began reporting health problems later associated with radium exposure and many died over the next decade. These investigations had military as well as civilian implications. Their operations expanded tremendously when the United States entered World War I, and in 1917 they moved from Newark to Orange, New Jersey. The Site includes the 5.9 acre S.W. %PDF-1.4 % Radium City Brewing is the first production brewery in LaSalle County in almost 50 years! The production of beer ceased with prohibition in 1920, and after the repeal of the Holstead Act in 1933, the brewery was sold to John F. Trommers of Philadelphia. The factories ended up hiring mostly young women, aged anywhere from fifteen into their late twenties, to sit at desks and carefully paint In one study of 18 pocket watches, the National Center for Radiological Health measured radium contents of 0.6 to 1.39 uCi. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. Learn more about ORAU at www.orau.org. color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of (Some images display only as thumbnails outside Since radium-226 has a 1600 year half life, its decay is not a significant factor. The effective dose equivalent due to the tritium in the general room air was essentially the same, i.e., 0.02 mrem.
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