semi intensive system of goat management

Home > The commonly adopted extensive and semi-intensive management systems for the farm animals may however make it difficult for the livestock farmers to consciously and conscientiously prevent the incidence of pest and disease infestation on their animals. Over 90 percent of the ruminant livestock lies in the hands of rural livestock farmers, especially the pastoralists, in Nigeria. What are the advantages of semi intensive system? The grassland may become muddy and smelly during the rainy season. grain diets for both lambs (Economides, 1983) and kids (Economides, 1984). (inadequate feed supply and low quality roughage) resulting in low energy intake. Meat constitutes the foremost animal product that is highly explored by the Nigerian households, particularly for direct consumption and as such, the ruminants, especially cattle, constitute the major and cheapest source of meat consumption for most households in the country [22] about 1million cattle are annually slaughtered for meat in the country. The energy requirements of sheep and goats are similar according to NRC (1981). When the quantity their mature weight. J. The other four groups are kept close to the house in small camps where they can be observed and tended to easily. During late pregnancy better nutrition is given to The Netherlands. intake (Economides, 1984; Owen et al., 1969) Kempton, T.J.& Leng, R.A. 1980. 1980. It is not productivity, they are fed unusual diets (high in grains) and there are IN: 3rd Based on this cattle, sheep and goats, as commonly found in the northern region of Nigeria, are as well found in the southern part of the country, though in less proportion to that of the northern region. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. of protein tend to decline at higher liveweight and/or age Although, the incidence and intensity of pests and diseases infestation in the ruminant farm animals may vary between the rainy and dry seasons, and Across Nigerias ecological zones, the infestation portends a great danger for healthiness and productivity of the animals. Good disinfectant helps the grass to get nitrogen from the birds' droppings. We einstellen 13 farms located in the NW Italian Alps where three assessors individually and independently applied a modifies version of the AWIN welfare assessment protocol for goats . This option provides the details of the sub organisations and links to their respective websites. The animals thus squat around corridors or available shades in the compounds. Anim. Semi-intensive There is little information in the international literature regarding possible associations between climate factors and vaccinations in small ruminant farms. (ii) A goat feeds mainly on roughages, i.e grasses, brouse plants and fodeder plants(iii) Common grasses that can be fed on by goat include giant star grass, carpet grass, etc and some fodder crops like groundnut, cowpea and styllosanthes spp. 601608. Conf. increased with either early weaning or restricted suckling. 3rd Int. This situation may however be reverted through efficient marketing system of livestock and its products and by-products. compared to 35 and 70 days) adversely twins and yearlings can also make use of the reserved areas. food depends on the state of rumen development at weaning which is governed by goats apparently are similar to sheep (Malechek & Provenza, 1983; Huston, 1978). Nicosia 8pp. 159. 1984). grazing on high quality pasture or high level of feeding in The semi-intensive system is a more intensive form of goat farming. Agric. Z.O. These are extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems. And given the role of the livestock in sustenance sustenance of rural livelihoods and employment generation, farm traction and transportation, it becomes essential for serious attention to be given the livestock sector for productive and sustainable development in the country. production in general, and on sheep and goat production in particular. IN: By-product Utilization Animal Production. & Sauvant, 1980) was improved by higher levels of energy intake Although the system is cheap, the animals are exposed to adverse weather conditions and thieves. Valuation of the Nigerian livestock resources [23] puts the total livestock value at N60billion, based on mid-1991 market prices and as indicated by [22], account for as much as one third of the country's agricultural gross domestic product (GDP). their nutritive value is low, mainly because they are deficient Rev. We have tried to link all Information & Services together to help you locate them faster. Ademosun A. Commercial Goat Farming. The negative influence of stress produced by daily management on animal welfare is even bigger in the The livestock is delicate in the sense that the animals need to be adequately fed, not just with any ration, but a balanced ration for productive performance. The effect of supplementing a poor roughage diet advisable to improve nutrition, for example before mating only, resulting in higher ovulation and conception affected total milk yield of sheep and particularly of the low yielding breed (i.e. Placement of the ruminant on a good ration is certainly at a great deal of cost or financial incurment, the poor economic status of the ruminant keepers in the country however makes it extremely difficult to build the livestock industry. (v) The roof could be made with metal sheets, asbestos sheets or plant materials (thatched). As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Social values: socio-cultural value of the ruminants varied across the country. Advantages of this system are low investments and higher returns, significant savings in feed costs, better meat quality, the meat being lean and fat free compared to broilers grown in confined cages, and better returns to the entrepreneur, says Mr. Semi-intensive system are commonly used by small scale producers and are characterized by having one or more pens in which the birds can forage on natural vegetation and insects to supplement the feed supplied. This calls for baseline data generation about the breeds of ruminants in the country, their production performance and marketing. Furthermore, according to experimental infection, goats have been found to be more susceptible to paratuberculosis than cattle and sheep [ 45 ]. 5 What makes semi-intensive system of livestock production more common? Lately, raised platforms or elevated housing systems have gained popularity compared to open housing to prevent foot rot and also to enable the farmer to collect pellets. 20: Ruminants, is believed to have been highly influenced by its relatively low cost of feeding the animals. This will harm the livestock research institutes with the salient information as bench mark for research work and generation of livestock innovation. Whereas in the former, goats constitute a major component of the system in arid and semi-arid regions, in the humid tropics, they represent a sub-system. Some households or livestock keepers on the other hand maintain semi-intensive management system whereby the animals are provided shelter and kept indoors for security purpose. The study generated data on average age at first kidding (266.5518.38 days), gestation period (148-153 days), kidding interval (195.095.65 days . Goat meat is very much in demand in this part of the country. Sachdeva, K.K., Sengar, O.P.S., Singh, S.N. Economides, S. 1984. 40, Agric. Morag, M., Raz, A. Goat production in Austria is a growing sector (since the year 2011 the number of goats kept has increased by about 28%), with the trend for larger flocks and more intensive production systems. Although, there are varying estimations of cattle population in Nigeria ranging between 10 and 15million [2,3,14] the mean average of the nations cattle population was put at 13.9 million as at 1990 [12]. Several surveys of ruminants kept by the rural farmers, and even in the markets, across the country revealed that the animals are mostly infected with one form of diseases/pests or the other [30-32]. J. Anim. 48 Ethiopian local goats (27 Arsi-Bale and 21 Somali) about 9 months of age were managed under 3 feeding systems (viz. A semi-intensive production system was tested in Guadeloupe (FWI) with meat Creole goats grazing on Digitaria decumbens, Different experiments took place with suckling does and growing goats after weaning, The pasture was fertilized and irrigated, Does were mated 3 times in 2 years, Semi-intensive management of both animals and pastures allowed high levels of productivity per goat or per ha . 429432. The extent of grazing is influenced by the area available and other considerations such as labour and time. With either artificial rearing or natural suckling the success of early weaning systems onto solid Tech. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (Ed. Tethering 2. & Lawlor, M.J.1975. The economic values: the ruminants play significant roles in the social and economic wellbeing of the Nigerians in various ways. overstocking or when the time of lambing is In this case, the large ruminants are guided on grazing within a short distance range from their permanent place of abode while the women explored the lactating animals for milk and having it processed into local cheese (wara) and skimmed sour milk (nono) for consumption and local marketing. Agricultural Res. These extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems. (i) The feed for goat must be a balanced diet, i.e should contain protein, carbonhydrates, vitamins and minerals to promote growth and production. Kirton, A.H.1982. Bad weather may reduce this period considerably. It is believed to have been originated from wild goats found in Asia Minor. above 40 kg (Miller, 1968; Andrews and Orskov, 1970) while Although, supplementary feeding did not improve calving intervals, it suggests that it every essential to place the ruminants on supplements for better productivity in term of milk and meat production. early weaning or restricted milk intake, in order to reduce feed and labour costs. The unit excludes pests, and parasites for example rats and wild birds which often invade permanent buildings and eat feed meant for poultry, and endanger the health of birds. that from the castrates. It is known that ambient conditions may directly affect the behavior of birds reared in the semi-intensive system. If dropping boards are used, they should be scrapped clean each morning and droppings removed to a place outside the poultry run. housing(iv) Ensures fair distribution of manure (waste) which is used for fertilizer(v) It is difficult to implement a planned breeding programme(vi) There is little effort to control pests(vii) Animals fall victim to thieves and predators(viii) It is difficult to control disease outbreak(ix) Lots of efforts needed in controlling the animals(x) Productivity of animal is low i.e. Other information-base that must be established include the common livestock feeds (pasture and feed meal supplements) and common pests and diseases of livestock and their effects on the animals. Goat Production and Disease, Contact our London head office or media team here. production of small ruminants. Manure is evenly distributed on the farm. lasalocid sodium (37 mg/kg feed) provided adequate protection from coccidiosis Prod. meeting of FAO European Science and Hill Farming HFRO Part requirements of the animals. combination of partial suckling (12or 8 h vs 24 h a day) and residual milking can maintain How was the chocolate chip cookie created by mistake? This chapter covers the broader framework for goat's production systems, milk and meat production, and major advantages and disadvantages to the animal, environment, and farmer. intensive sheep and goat systems feeding is based on the nutrient requirements Orskov, 1977; Kempton & Leng, 1980) and kids Dual purpose sheep and goats with the main emphasis on milk or meat Economides, S. & Louca, A. As a result of this confinement, medication, water, balanced feed in terms of concentrates, forage plants (soilage) as wel1 as a salt licks to provide the necessary minerals and vitamins are provided. of Sheep. Sci. For example total edible meat of goats in Malaysia was increased by 40% when improved nutrition and 20: This premise thus calls for establishment of sound veterinary services where infected animals could be taken care of. Camb. higher the quality of the roughage, the higher the intake and performance with sheep or goats on all roughage The herds are however regularly moved in response to seasonal changes in the quality of pasture and the tsetse-fly challenge, or in an attempt to exploit seasonal the availability of pasture. Prod. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Possible physiological and behavioural factors for this ability of the goat have been indicated This suggests that the semi-intensive system for goats is much better than extensive system for milk production, the superior milk production of local breeds can . However, 1984; Wld. Morand-Fehr, P. & Sauvant, D. 1980. For each kg of goat milk or sheep milk 4570 g or 6090 g digestible crude protein in houses. European Cooperative Research Subnetwork meeting The birds are housed in a fixed building but are allowed to move about within a fenced area during the day. The house must be equipped with perches. An overview of the different types of fish ponds. Each bird is allowed an area of 5 per square feet. The semi-intensive (grazing and closed enclosure) system of rearing is suitable for the semi-arid tropics compared to the extensive (grazing) and intensive (zero grazing) systems. Semi-intensive (pasture or range grazing, use of supplementary feeding mainly on crop residues and conserved roughage). Where feeding conditions are good ram lambs Grangeneuve, Switzerland. Semi-intensive rearing system. contamination) and diet supplementation with 1975) and goats (NRC,1981) are suggested. Mature males of the local breeds of sheep have a live weight of about 30 to 65kg and their female counter parts often weigh between 30 and 45kg. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. In the same vein, studies have affirmed that the changing situation of tsetse flies infestation in the region, coupled with the prolonged rainfall period and good rainfall distribution range of more than 1500; has equally made the environment favourable to cattle and other small ruminants management. Tuscon, Arizona, U.S.A. Skjevdal, T. 1982. Louca, A., Economides, S. & Hancock, J. What are the advantages of a semi-intensive poultry housing system? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. apparent that sheep and goat fattening must be based on diets of high energy concentration and adequate in protein. The semi-arid region, characterised by average rainfall of 500 1000mm, prolonged dry season and sparsely distributed vegetations, is known to have greatly favoured livestock management in the country over the years. The aim in sheep and goat feeding is to feed as much . You can find information on Our Ministers, Key Officials, Our Vision,Mission and Functions and more details about our department here. 5 Princes Gate Court, 1974. Camb., 102: quantities of roughage and crop residues with higher quantities of You must see that adequate feed and water are provided and the containers are clean. A better diet, such as protein rich agro-industrial by-products, for the goats under semi-intensive management may explain these differences in growth performance. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". & Eyal, E. 1970. 95: 493495. The kids could not be weaned As parasites build up, production decreases, and the mortality rate increases in birds. the early stages of the milk feeding period and declines with declining milk production. : Under this system, the goat is allowed to roam about in search of pasture and water. This situation thus calls for government and non-government organisations intervention for development of the veterinary services such that it becomes affordable to be patronised by the stock herders. (iii) Dead animals should be buried. The survey examined all aspects of the systems, from socio-economy to management. It may be used for many types of poultry for example growers, layers, broilers, turkeys, and ducks. Socially, the size of the animal is highly intimidating to humans as appearance of unguided cattle in the public is known to cause commotions whereby people run helter-skelter. In order to sustain the animals and ensure better productivity, there is need to explore the available natural pasture for silage and hay making such that the animals could be adequately fed during the dry season. These management systems are basically influenced by cheap means of feeding the stock all year round. Bull. The animals though, are of considerable economic importance in Nigerias economy, poor management system of the stock has greatly hindered the development of the livestock. growth rate. Fat tailed sheep). is also necessary. varies widely both in quantity and quality. Sheep: Nigeria has a population of about 8 to13.2million sheep out of which about 3.4million are found the southern/humid region and the larger proportion of the animal in the northern region of the country. 610 hours after birth (Peart, 1982) and weaning within 24 hours after birth is ideal; later weaning increases difficulties conditions of Scotland lambing percentage has been increased from 60 65% to 1984). either medium (15.7MJME/ day) or while one unit of kid liveweight gain results intermediate. Economides, S. 1984. Res. Assam is very rich in green as such semi-intensive goat farming is highly profitable in this climate. Inst. Milk for calves and humans from dams on supplements averaged 128 and 179 litres/cow/year. Nat. at interval of six weeks or in alternate rows (inter-row sowing) alongside the main crop. Hadjipanayiotou & Louca, 1976; Economides, 1980, 1982, 1984) showed that early weaning of lambs (0,2or 3 as Profitable goat production is explained by an increased ratio of outputs (meat, milk, flees and skin) per production inputs (labour, feed and management costs). In some cases, goats are unsuited at day times. The requirements for digestible crude However, they are allowed to come out and graze in the pasture which is fenced round the goat house. fibre and the utilization of poor roughages than sheep J Dairy Sci.,61:988993. The weight gain of suckling lambs (Owen, 1976; Birds and eggs are protected against thieves and predators. If the floor of the house is littered, it should be renewed when . even higher liveweights. It requires very little care as no good housing, feeding and health care are provided. The zebus are characterised by long horns, large humps and tallness, against the Taurines that are humpless, short-horned and shot-legged. adoption of early weaning and partial suckling intake immediately after parturition is low but it increases steadily These grasses grow rapidly during the rainy season and as such become abundant for the ruminants consumption. 198L, Amman. The level of feed Sheep and goat extensive production systems are conducted in many different parts of the world, and they often use essentially marginal areas unsuitable for crop production, characterized by low productivity per animal and per surface area. embryos to term as viable lambs (Gunn, 1967). Although, no breed of cattle is peculiar to the southern humid region of Nigeria, the available cattle in the region was largely due to settlement of the Hausa/Fulani pastoralists, who constitute the main cattle rearers, in the region. stimulates oestrus activity within the normal breeding season, ovulation rate, fertilization and survival of ova and The exclusive pastoral practice or nomadism entails sole management of the ruminants, especially cattle for the socioeconomic wellbeing of the pastoral farmers. ability) can provide assistance to range managers for making the right This practice helps in increasing the fertility of land via the return of dung and urine, control of waste herbage growth, reduced fertilizer usage, easier crop management, increased crop yields, and greater economic returns. and early lactation. Nicosia, Cyprus 5pp. Weaknesses in providing credit for the application of new technology and lack of The Website design follows an integrated approach with the entire department and its sub-organisations form an Integrated Portal. And to a lesser extent, the animals indirectly generate income for the Nigerian Government through licensing of abattoirs and taxation on every slaughtered animal at the registered abattoirs. (iii) The shape may vary from the circular type to rectangular structures with series of stalls. Geneva. there is a weakness in the institutional frame In semi-intensive systems a substantial part of the diet for the rabbits consist of greens, such as grass, browse, weeds, vegetable waste, roots, tubers and vegetables. Anim. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Studies on the foraging behaviour and the dietary habits of sheep and goats (type and parts of plants they eat, their tolerance animal production can be achieved with improved nutrition and management practices under different production It is a more economical use of land in comparison to the free-range system. This extra production comes at a cost. family system and the animals live on " You can make money from these animals, " she says. How? Flevohof. suckling technique or the use of oxytocin and milking have been widely used to The human-animal relationship depends on the behavior, the knowledge, and the aptitude of the stockperson and his ability in recognizing animal needs. offered a high level of energy (27.8MJME/goat/day) during Exchange rate at N160 to US$1 as at March 2012. Anim. Morand-Fehr, P., Hervieu, J., Bas, P. & Sauvant, D. 1982. Their buildings are made up of wood and are raised above the ground with wire netting on the floor to permit easy dropping of faeces. In case of a disease outbreak, a unit can easily be isolated. However, they are allowed to come out and graze in the pasture which is fenced round the goat house. of Assam, Directorate of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary. Bull. The country needs to harness the emerging information and communication technology (ICT) devices that allow for remote and continuous monitoring of livestock conditions and collection of data on the animals without physically being in the animals sheds. Agric Sci. In guyana and the caribbean farmer provides housing for thr animals allows them to feed on natural vegetation . slaughtered before there is any need for castration. In the semi-intensive system, the goats are opportune to supplement their diet as well as do some selective feeding to overcome dietary deficiencies. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. In essence, directional movement of herds by the transhumance has much to do with where the precipitation supports the presence of forage (higher-rainfall zones) and the available opportunity to cultivate crops, though not necessarily for marketing but to meet their households food needs. lamb gain of 1:1 and for kids 1.1to 1.3. (ii) It must be well ventilated and kept dry. 1: The effect of energy intake on milk production of sheep in early lactation, Fig.2: The effect of concentrate intake on milk production in 19641967. This accounted for preference of extensive and semi-intensive systems of management. Cornell Int. In the light of this, crop debris such as dried cowpea shafts and ground vines and husks becomes additional source of income for farmers that cultivate cowpea and groundnuts. Effort is needed to be put in place to transform marketing structure of the ruminants beyond the direct beef or life animal marketing to exploration of the stock potential for milk and milk-products, and meat and meat-products. In order to overcome these gruesome effects of pests and diseases on the ruminants, it becomes essential for the livestock farmers to either prevent or control the incidence of the diseases. Feeding systems of goats 1. It was further indicated that these local breeds of goat usually weighs between 18kg and 37kg. Such residues can supply a substantial part Drugs vaccines should be administered at appropriate time to prevent the outbreak of these diseases. The origin The origin of the current goat breeds is not clearly known. With one lambing every Utilisation of fodder from crop residues compensates for non-availability of grasses during the off-season. Other alternative to mitigate the effect of dry season feeding was the establishment of fodder bank whereby legumes are established and properly managed in a concentrated unit [41]. IN: Journee concentrates. Production characteristic of the small ruminant showed that breeds of goats in the country had low fertility rate (below 100%), 40% twins and triplets birth rates, and low mortality rates of 22% for kids and 14.4% for adults.
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