He also told the controller he 'wasn't really planning on landing' the aircraft, and he described himself as 'just a broken guy.'. Might as well have gone to the moon. And theythats whatthatsthey know that. All Rights Reserved. I. 18:33 BST 13 Aug 2018, The suicidal airport worker who hijacked and crashed a plane said before he died:'I'll go nose down and call it a night.'. [note 25] In his memoir, however, Johnson wrote, I appointed the two men Bobby Kennedy asked me to put on itAllen Dulles and John McCloyimmediately. Johnson, Vantage Point, p. 27. . A Motion was made, seconded and carried that one set of the Report and Hearings with the proposed recipients name stamped in gold be furnished each of the staff members who have been with the Commission a substantial period of time in the work of the investigation and preparation of the Report. Authorities sent fighter jets to escort him, and the controller repeatedly tried to direct him to runways. At one point during the exchange, Russell said he knew how to put the landing gear down but that I really wasnt planning on landing it. Russel also told the controller that he was just a broken man.. A football teammate suggested his mental instability had been caused by undiagnosed chronic traumatic encephalopathy that may have come from repeated concussions. What do you think about a [U.S. Supreme Court] justice sitting on it? After Russell performed an unauthorized takeoff, two McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle fighters were scrambled to intercept the aircraft. . [note 12] See footnote 114. Russell's dissent was the most vocal, and is captured in a phone conversation with President Johnson late on 18 September 1964, a few hours after the Commission's final executive session. "[21] When an air traffic controller requested he land the plane after this maneuver, he said "I don't know. The man has been identified as Richard Russell, a law enforcement official familiar with the investigation confirmed to CNN on Saturday night. theres some things about it I cant talk about, but[note 3] Johnson was probably referring to the allegation leveled by Nicaraguan informant Gilberto Alvarado that Oswald received money in the Cuban Embassy in Mexico City. video Plane crashes near Seattle airport The. Never really knew it until now. Well, I just got down here. He doesnt have to be. And if I had my way, youd be in my place and Id trade with you! he joked. But I dont think that Hoover ought to make his report too soon. The final descent at Ketron Island was determined to be intentional, and suicide was listed as the manner of death. ', 'OK, Rich, if you could, could you start a left-hand turn and we'll take you down to the south-east. Thats what I like about it. He became critical of the FBI when he learned about the bureaus destruction of Oswalds note threatening to blow up the FBI office in Dallas, and of the CIA when its alliance with mobsters became public knowledge. A pair of F-15C jets were scrambled in response to Russells flight before he crashed one hour and 15 minutes after takeoff. I dont know. [note 7] End of 2021 revisions. An illustration of a heart shape . How was he able to take off without being stopped? this countrys got a lot of confidence in you. The transcripts covered 275 phone calls recorded in November and December 1963 in the Johnson White House relating to the Kennedy assassination. I dont think you couldve done better. People expressed an emotional connection with him through postings on social media, T-shirts, and tribute songs. The individual did use a pushback tractor to rotate the aircraft 180 degrees so he could then taxi the aircraft, Pohl said at the news conference Saturday. Inflight audio of Richard "Beebo" Russell and Sea-Tac Airport officials provide insight into the man who took a Horizon turboprop airplane and crashed it Friday night, Aug. 10, 2018. Like, a lot of bags. The Warren Commissions verdict about President Kennedys assassination was far from unanimous. Let me see . We'll chalk it up to that. Well, give me the arguments . Ooh, a purple one,' he says cheekily. Together, they started a bakery in North Bend, Oregon. I dont know what kind of man he is; he might not do. with newly digitized critical and documentary editions in the humanities and [note 19] Russell meant the presidential commission. Well, if I can, I will. Russell had prepared two written statements, neither of which found their way into the record. "[42] During his conversation with air traffic control, Russell said he "[knew] what [he was] doing a little bit" because he had experience playing video games. The plane was grounded for the night after returning from Victoria, B.C., which was its final scheduled flight of the day. President, I could hit a man on that street going 20 miles an hour as easy as I could hit you sitting talking to you. Thats his language. They opened a bakery and ran it for three years before selling it in 2015 to be closer to Hannahs family. But I would think that Ford and Boggs would be pretty good; theyre both pretty young men, and. it concerns [J. Edgar] Hoover, and [the] Secretary of State, and some others. . His father, Richard Russell, Sr., was a lawyer who later became chief justice of the Georgia Supreme Court. . LBJ: I told you I was gonna name Warren and you said it would be better to name Harlan. But Im not going to . [41] They sold the bakery in 2015 so his wife could be closer to her family; they settled in Sumner, Washington, and Russell found employment with Horizon Air. Russell, who was a ground service employee for Horizon Air and did not have a pilots license, took the twin-engine turboprop plane from a maintenance area where it was parked at the airport. I've got another pilot coming up, pilot Joel, in just a minute here I hope. And . Russell: You didn't tell me you was gonna name him. And hed probably have it out today, at most on Monday. Hes going to give them more problems. In the first quarter, Capital One earned $960 million or $2.31 per diluted common share. "[34], Richard Russell was a Horizon Air ground service agent from Sumner, Washington. Like a lot of bags. I've played some video games before. Folder: Telegram, Richard Russell to Harry S. Truman. [aside] Bill [Moyers], give me that list of the people. But we got to have [a] states rights man or somebody that the country has confidence in. 500 W US Hwy 24 Independence, MO 64050 816-268-8200 | 800-833-1225 . Richard Russell died almost 50 years ago. Just a broken guy, got a few screws loose I guess. Whywhy shouldnt you? [note 13] End of 2021 revisions. But he said he looked through the telescopic sight himself, and he said, Mr. That means, I lift a lot of bags. More sinister was Rankins treatment of the record of the 18 September meeting. "[17] He asked ATC if he could get a job as a pilot with Alaska Airlines if he successfully landed the aircraft. 22 November 1963 An Introduction to the JFK Assassination, You are here: Home Other JFK Assassination Texts JFK Assassination Documents Senator Richard Russell and the Warren Report. Thanks, Jeff, and good afternoon, everyone. A Motion was made by Representative Ford that a letter dated September 10, 1964, of Representative Pillion of Buffalo, New York, directed to the Commission, together with a copy of the interview of the Federal Bureau of Investigation with said Representative, be published in the Hearings of the Commission. You think about anybody else now, besides [Judge Harold] Medina. Russell, a 3 1/2-year Horizon employee, worked as a ground service agent. evaluate it for the general public. Well, hes not but . In later years, Rankin himself seems to have entertained the possibility that the assassination was the result of a conspiracy. The General Counsel stated that in excess of 2100 exhibits had been made out of Commission documents that had been called to the attention of the Commissioners in the preparation of the Commissions Report. Air traffic control: If you wanted to land, probably your best bet is that runway just ahead and to your left. Both were armed with AIM-9 Sidewinder and AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missiles[12] and went supersonic, generating sonic booms on the way to the Puget Sound area. The final YouTube video posted by a Seattle plane hijacker depicts a happily married man with a monotonous job that's only silver lining was the travel opportunities it afforded him. that specializes in presidential scholarship, public policy, and political Rich: I don't want to hurt anyone, I just want you to whisper sweet nothings into my ear. . Richard Russell. Just like me, what we want to see is you not get hurt, or anyone else get hurt. I had a nice visit with your governor, and told him that we had talked[note 17] Governor Carl Sanders represented a younger generation of Democrats who were more moderate on racial issues. Russell then said before he crashed: 'I think I'm going to try to do a barrel roll, and if that goes good I'll go nose down and call it a night,' according to a recording of his conversation with the controller. Rich: Naw, everythings peachy, peachy clean. Air traffic control: OK, and you can see all the terrain around you, youve got no issue with visibility or anything? Well, I just told him how much I loved Georgia, and he told the press that his grandpappy came from there. . Just a broken guy, got a few screws loose I guess. Even so, Russell pleaded with Johnson to find someone else to serve on the panel, on the grounds that he didnt have the time and enough energy for the task. [note 27] Via an executive order, Roosevelt appointed a presidential commission in 1941 to report on the surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. . That was a happy thought. The Seattle FBI office said Sunday that it had recovered the flight data recorder and components of the cockpit voice recorder from the Horizon plane. Lyndon Johnson and Richard Russell on 29 November 1963, Edited by Max Holland, with David Shreve, Ashley Havard High, and Patricia Dunn, See the daily introduction for 1963-11-29 [from the Norton edition]. The family of Richard Russell, who authorities say stole an airplane from a Seattle airport and died when he later crashed it, called him "a warm and compassionate man." Meet the honorees . A Motion was made, seconded and carried that as soon as all of the exhibits and other records of the Commission which are to be published have been printed and made available to the public, all of the remaining materials and records of the Commission shall be delivered to the National Archives to be held in perpetuity for the use and benefit of the people of the United States in accordance with federal laws and regulations. So many bags,' he narrates over back-to-back clips of suitcases being loaded on and off of airplanes as a lighthearted tune plays in the background. Rich:I feel like one of my engines is going out or something. All rights reserved. they put them on the Pearl Harbor inquiry, you know. And they would evaluate it, and then maybe . [6], The aircraft was stolen from Plane Cargo 1 at the north end of SeaTac Airport[6] and maneuvered to runway 16C via taxiways. A fter 29-year-old airline employee Richard B. Russell stole a plane at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport on Friday night and crashed it into Ketron Island in Puget Sound, questions remain. Im coming in there Sunday afternoon. I would hope it is for a guy like me. Yeahyou didnt tell me you [were] inviting him up here. [23] The Q400 ultimately crashed at 20:43 local time[1] on Ketron Island in Puget Sound, Pierce County, Washington, killing the occupant and destroying the aircraft. "[16][19] He added that he "wasn't really planning on landing it. A Motion was made, seconded and carried that the General Counsel proceed to make arrangements to provide for the return of President Kennedys clothes which are referred to in the Report to Mrs. Kennedy. About 1 hour and 15 minutes after takeoff, Russell died by intentionally crashing the aircraft on lightly populated Ketron Island in Puget Sound. Well, they put . Russell: You got anything better than trying to land it? Thereupon the General Counsel offered in evidence such described exhibits running from 1054 through 3154, both inclusive, and asked that as listed on said Exhibit 3154 and as those exhibits each respectively appeared in the records of the Commission, but as limited by the documents so marked, be made regular exhibits of the Commissions proceedings with the same force and effect as any and all other exhibits which had heretofore been offered and received in evidence. The General Counsel reported various items of the expenses and budget of the Commission during its months of operation and after discussion a motion was made, seconded and carried that the budget and expenses of the Commission as reported by Mr. Rankin be approved, subject to his furnishing a general financial statement for the period from November 29, 1963, to an estimated date of October 31, 1964. Hes got a big reputation. [AUTHENTICITY CERTIFIED: Text version below transcribed directly from audio] Hau mitakuyepi, miye malakota. Richard Russell, 29, stole an Horizon Airlines jet from the Seattle-Tacoma Airport and took it for an hour-long joyride before crashing on an island in a ball of flames on Friday evening. No. ATC said, "they would give you a job doing anything if you could pull this off", to which he replied, "Yeah right! Couldnt you do it quietly by invitation? Ned Sibley. Hes going to turn it over to this group. [note 1] After Oswalds murder on 24 November, Johnson had ordered the FBI to make a complete report on the events in Dallas, even though its legal authority to do so was tenuous. I dont know, See [Lady] Bird got up the list of folks, and I guess we got him that after. Rich: Man, have you been to the Olympics? ', 'This is probably jail time for life, huh? The President undoubtedly realized that if he were candid with Russell, the senator was likely to refuse appointment to the commission. So I dont know how he achieved the experience that he did.. I think Ive got some gas to go check out the Olympics (mountains). No, thats what I said; thatd disqualify him. [note 14] Russell chaired the Senate Armed Services subcommittee with responsibility for oversight of the CIA. Rich:I'm down to 2,100, I started at like 30-something. Description: This [25][26] No injuries were reported to residents of the sparsely populated island despite the crash site being in close proximity to at least one cabin, which was occupied at the time of the incident. And itd be largely done by staff, but they can work on it. The plane didn't require a key, but it did require buttons and switches to be activated in a particular order. The General Counsel was instructed to use care that the proposed conclusions concerning such chapters, as they were set forth in Chapter I, not contain any conflict. You know [E. Barrett] Prettyman? The Chairman: The Commission will be in order. [34][35] The FBI stated, "Interviews with work colleagues, friends, and familyand review of text messages exchanged with Russell during the incidentdid not identify any information that would suggest the theft of the aircraft was related to wider criminal activity or terrorist ideology. Statement to the Senate Special Committee on Indian Affairs. I dont knowI dont think I can get any member of the [Supreme] Court . We are no longer accepting comments on this article. Well, I know it. . The Mary Ferrell Foundation website contains scans of all the executive session transcripts. Russell served in the Naval Reserve during the First World War and was given command of a coastal battery. "[18] This thing of television [and] radio has narrowed the group of celebrities to just those in the very highest positions. 8. The Miller Center is a nonpartisan affiliate of the University of Virginia Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. [33], On November 9, the FBI stated that it had completed its investigation. Charlie Moore For Mailonline, Praise for 'calm, prudent' Seattle air traffic controller who struck up a rapport with 'one in a million' plane hijacker and helped avoid mass casualties, Hijacker's remains found: Aerial photos show crash site from above as plane's flight recorder is found among shattered pieces of aircraft so small 'you can pick them all up by hand', 'We're not your enemies!' 7 things to know", "One year after stolen Horizon plane crash, scars remain on Ketron Island", "FBI releases classified documents from 2018 Horizon Air plane theft, crash", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Horizon_Air_Q400_incident&oldid=1152049033, This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 21:24. 1, ed. Air traffic control:Right now he's just flying around, and he just needs some help controlling the aircraft. Washington, D.C., Friday, September 18, 1964. About; Blog; Projects; Help; Donate. Some threads don't fit the loom. It is also directed that this be done as soon as it can be accomplished after the Report is published and still adequately protect the determinations of the Commission as set forth in the Report. Well, he aint going to publish the damned thing, is he? And that this telescopic sight would bring this thing up where you could shoot a man with it as easy as youd get a man sitting talking to you. [24] Delayed by the SteilacoomAnderson Island ferry, firefighters from West Pierce Fire and Rescue and other nearby departments arrived on the island about an hour and a half after the crash, where they then contended with the island's thick brush. [Thats the] only argument you can make for it. Some of these circuit court judgessome right there in the District [of Columbia] one or two, are pretty good. Compilation of footage of the aircraft being flown erratically in the vicinity of Seattle, and the pursuing F-15s, News report featuring surveillance footage, Man Steals a Passenger Plane and Crashes it Just After Takeoff (With Real Video), Washington State University Global Campus, "National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Preliminary Report Accident Number: WPR18FA220", "Update on Investigation into Unauthorized Flight", "Alaska Air Horizon plane crashes after being stolen by airline employee", "How it unfolded: Full coverage of the Horizon Air crash and the man who stole the plane from Sea-Tac", "Stolen plane was chased by military jets before it crashed", "Crash: Horizon DH8D at Ketron Island on Aug 10th 2018, stolen aircraft crashed into forest", "Stolen plane closes Seattle-Tacoma airport before crashing", "Oregon F-15s Scramble To Seattle To Intercept Possibly Stolen Q400 Airliner (Updated)", "F-15Cs Intercept Stolen DASH-8 Airliner out of Seattle Tacoma Airport Before Crash", "LIVE: Plane stolen from Sea-Tac Airport crashes on small island; no passengers on board", "Pilot wanted to do aerobatics, apologized for his actions as he spoke with air traffic control", "NORAD F-15Cs intercept suicidal pilot in dramatic chase near Seattle", "Passenger Plane Stolen by Employee Crashes on Island Near Seattle Airport", "Seattle hijacker's plane heist, midair stunts and fiery crash expose gaps in aviation security", "Richard Russell, 'Rich': 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know", "Airline worker who stole plane told air traffic control 'I don't want to hurt no one', "SeaTac Hijacker Had the Skills to Take Out a Skyscraper Horizon Air ground handler Richard Russell knew how to fly without tearing the plane apartand enough fuel to be a flying bomb. A Motion was made, seconded and carried that leather bound copies of the Report and Hearings with the names of the proposed recipients stamped on them in gold be provided for the President and such persons as he might select, for members of the Kennedy family in accordance with the direction from the White House, and for the Commissioners. No hint was given of Russells and Coopers arguments with Rankin and Earl Warren, or of the discussions that, according to Russells conversation with Johnson, took place about the wording of the Reports conclusions. . I want to try, [to] get [Gerald R.] Jerry Ford [Jr.]. The Pierce County Medical Examiner's Office confirmed Sunday that Russell had died in the fiery wreckage, but whether the crash was deliberate or accidental was one of several topics remaining for investigators. He had planned to seek a management position at Horizon Air or become a military officer after receiving his degree. Three of the Commissions seven members expressed doubts about the Warren Reports loneassassin theory. [45] The aircraft was worth $30million, all of which was paid under the company's insurance policy "with no deductibles. Max Holland, vol. It's going to disappoint them to hear that I did this. Charlie Moore For Mailonline Hes getting a little old, isnt he? See the daily introduction for 1964-05-27 [from the Norton edition] Richard Russell. Never really knew it, until now. 'I usually have to work outside in this,' Russell says. Russell, Richard (1897-1971), governor of Georgia and U.S. senator.A widely respected political figure, Russell, a Democrat, served in the U.S. Senate from 1933 to 1971. Furthermore, that the return of such apparel be subject to an arrangement whereby such clothing will be available if and when necessary to support the work the Commission has done, presumably upon mutual agreement of the Chairman and the widow or members of the Kennedy family. Rich:Oh man, not enough. [15] He said he was a "broken guy, got a few screws loose I guess. Rich: Nah I mean, I don't need that much help. He was very, very friendly automatically willing to bring everyone in, Hannah Holmes, who also participates in Young Life, told The Seattle Times. Lyndon Johnson and Richard Russell on 29 November 1963 Lyndon Johnson and Richard Russell on 29 November 1963 Administration: Johnson Place: Oval Office Date: Friday, 29 November 1963 Time: 4:05 pm Series: Assassination and the Transfer of Power Duration: 10:54 Previous Recording Transcript Find out more. [40] He was a hard-hitting football fullback in high school, scoring six touchdowns in his senior year, after which he moved to North Dakota to join the football team at Valley City State University. The Warren Report was ready to be sent to the printers when Russell demanded a special meeting of the Commissioners, during which he set out his objections to the central element of the case against Oswald, the singlebullet theory. Edited by Guian A. McKee, with Ashley Havard High and Patricia Dunn. . Air traffic control: Well Rich I already talked to 'em. 2023 TIME USA, LLC. Rich: Hey I want the coordinates of that orca, you know, the mama orca with the baby. By Russell: Mr. President, you ought to have told me you was gonna name me. [note 24] E. Barrett Prettyman was chief judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. But theyre worried about having to go into a lot of this stuff with [the] Foreign Relations Committee. After graduated from the law department of University of . Well, {the only argument about it is that, of course, in a} matter of this magnitude, the American people would feel reassured to have a member of the highest Courtthats the only [argument] youve got. So many bags,' he said. Richard Russell was a funny, gentle and hardworking man, said family and a colleague of the airline employee who stole a passenger plane from Russell was "tow certified" and had full security access, and had been with the company for three and a half years, CBS News' Jamie Yuccas reports. Russell took the Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 turboprop from the northeast corner of the airport, according to the Times. [note 2] Johnson was referring to the presidential commission. Page 3. There [has] never been one thing leaked. How much of a problem would it give you to just quietly let [J. William] Fulbright and [Bourke] Hickenlooper come into your CIA committee? Physical copies of many presidential phone calls are available from the National Archives. Yeah, Tuttle. Russell, the sole occupant during the flight, did not survive. If you had some topflight Supreme Courtah, state supreme court chief justice . [Pause.] National Historical Publications and Records Commission, http://prde.upress.virginia.edu/conversations/9010161, See the daily introduction for 1963-11-29, Copyright 2014 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. Full Audio (1 hr) of Raw ATC Transmissions from Richard "Beebo" Russell - Stolen Plane (Subtitles) Sander Lewis 342 subscribers Subscribe 2.8K Share Save 211K views 4 years ago A few days ago I. The purpose of the Warren Report, as outlined in Nicholas Katzenbachs memo, was to help the news media to convince the public that Oswald was the assassin [and] that he did not have confederates who are still at large. It was clearly felt that for the reports conclusions to be convincing, the Commissioners needed to be seen to be unanimous. No, no, you wouldnt want [Tom C.] Clark hardly. The perpetrator, 29-year-old Richard Russell, was a Horizon Air ground service agent with no piloting experience. The fire burned a 2-acre (0.8ha) area,[23] but was extinguished by the following morning. Air traffic control: Well Rich, before you do that, let's think about this. [19] Alaska Air Group CEO Brad Tilden announced on the same day that the airline was coordinating with the Federal Aviation Administration, the FBI, and the National Transportation Safety Board, and was "working to find out everything we possibly can about what happened". [5] It was not scheduled to fly again that day. He was a faithful husband, a loving son, and a good friend, Mike Mathews read from the statement at a press conference. I just do. Gary Beck, CEO of Horizon Air, told The Seattle Times it was impressive that Russell pulled off incredible maneuvers like a barrel roll with no flying experience. It is conceivable that Russell was unaware that the missed shot was an undisputed fact rather than merely a suggestion put forward by the attorneys who had dreamt up the singlebullet theory. Like, uh, 760? A Motion was made, seconded and carried that the Chairman hereby be appointed to act with full and complete authority so as to promptly proceed with whatever steps are necessary and proper to liquidate and close up the affairs of the Commission and that during such period of liquidation and final determination of the Commissions activities, the Chairman shall have full power and authority to call the Commission into session at any time that he may see fit, and shall do so upon the request of any Commissioner. Tragic as Russell's death was, he could have inflicted vastly more damage had he been so inclined. . It wouldnt do . Also, Chief Justice Warren generally opposed extracurricular activities by sitting justices. Monteith stated the men told him they were training to use the aircraft's auxiliary power unit so they could tow it, but said it was "suspicious" that they left when he confronted them. Ive played video games before so I know what Im doing a little bit. "Lyndon Johnson and Richard Russell on 27 May 1964," Tape WH6405.10, Citations #3519, #3520, and #3521, . Richard Russell, who liked to be called Beebo, was a 29-year-old man living in Sumner, Washington, who was born in Key West, Florida, and moved to Wasilla, Alaska, when he was 7 years old . This website uses cookies. Unofficial digital copies of this call can be found online. . . His performance there was a disappointment; he left for Southwestern Oregon Community College, where he met his wife at a Campus Crusade for Christ meeting. The Hearings Volumes will be delivered to the White House as soon as they are all published. Russell went by 'Beebo' on social media. This was not the only example of manipulation of the records of the Warren Commission. [note 20] Having taken office so late in President Kennedys first term, Johnson was eligible to govern for nine years if he managed to win election in 1964 and 1968. Known as Beebo to family and friends, Russell was in his youth a gregarious, outgoing star athlete at Wasilla High School in Alaska, according to The Anchorage Daily News, running track and wrestling. 'You think if I land this successfully Alaska will give me a job as a pilot?' Im going to try to get Senator Russell and Senator [John Sherman] Cooper from the Senate. The equipment was sent to the National Transportation Safety Board for processing. http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=1335. The second half of the two-minute video is devoted to Russell's travels, featuring photos and videos from his different trips around the world. Richard Russell, 29, hijacked a 76-seater plane from Seattle-Tacoma on Friday He flew around as an air traffic controller calmly tried to reason with him A recording of their conversation. I think itd be mighty well if that thing was kept quiet another week or ten days . I understand none of the CourtNo, we cant have a Texan. I think thatd be better than [the Senate] Judiciary [Committee] running one investigation, the House [Judiciary Committee] running another investigation, and having four [or] five going [in] opposite directions, because. I wanted to get your reaction to it. They said it's not clear whether he had ever taken flight lessons or used flight simulators, or where he gained the skills to take off. Thats probably the theory of it. There's a lot of pretty stuff, but they're prettier in a different context. Maybe keep the aircraft nice and low. Page 4. While telling Russell that he maybe wants somebody from the Supreme Court, President Johnson neglected to mention that someone was Earl Warren.
What Car Does Not Have A Catalytic Converter, Homes For Sale In Peabody, Ma With In Law, Why Did Simon Dee Fall From Grace, Articles R