70 percent of pakistan inbred

What they surely didnt expect to find was that more than 13,000 people across the U.K. are the result of extreme inbreeding. However, the hybrids and inbred varieties exhibited statistically identical yield in late planting. FlickrAfter looking at nearly half a million peoples genetic data, researchers found 125 cases of extreme inbreeding, suggesting that there are approximately 13,200 such cases across the U.K. population as a whole. [20]. Darr, A. and Modell, B. It is concluded that the tested hybrid rice varieties accumulate higher amount of dry matter before heading and maintain large LAI at the grain filling period compared to the inbred variety, irrespective of growing temperature. According to the BBC, a muslim family in the UK is up to 13 times more likely to have a child with recessive genetic disorders, and account for a third of all children with genetic birth defects. 58, no. WebThe total fertility rate in Pakistan decreased by 0.1 children per woman (-2.76 percent) since the previous year. The field experiments were conducted with two hybrids (BRRI hybrid dhan2 and Heera2) and one elite inbred (BRRI dhan45) rice varieties at the Experimental Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka (2377N, 9037E and altitude of 9m), and Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur (2399N, 9039E and altitude of 8.4m), Bangladesh in dry (Boro) seasons (December to May) of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010, respectively. 328335, 2006. WebAccording to Sennels, close to half of all Muslims in the world are inbred. This census also recorded Pakistan's first Hindu-majority district, called Umerkot District, where Muslims were previously the majority. [10] Pakistan is also thought to have the world's fourth-largest refugee population, estimated at 1.4million in mid-2021 by the UNHCR.[11]. With populations of 14.9million and 11.1million respectively (in 2017), they are among the world's largest metropolises. Web[repost] According to a study 70% of Pakistan population is inbred and retarded. BRRI, Adunik Dhaner Chash (Modern Rice Cultivation), vol. Large sink size or sink strength of hybrids creating higher demand for photosynthetic assimilates increased photosynthetic rate in flag leaf initially at delayed planting. Most societies share an incest taboo against marriages between first degree relatives. 9098, 1989. This may be due to the slow senescence of flag leaves and plants of the hybrids. PixabayLoc Yengo and the University of Queensland team looked at the homozygosity of each individuals genetic information. 1, pp. When they were bought into UK they were not educated nor assimilated. By 2025, You May Be Able To Stay In A Luxury Space Hotel Named After A Nazi. 1, pp. Hybrid rice varieties exhibited higher degree of sensitivity to temperature rising in regard to shoot reserve remobilization to grain compared to the inbred. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. This higher leaf area index contributed to the supply of higher amount of photosynthate to the grain at the filling stage and finally contributed to the higher grain yield of hybrid Heera2 and BRRI hybrid dhan2. Flag leaf chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a:b ratio gradually decreased in the hybrid and inbred varieties with advanced maturity. [57] Although only about 7% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is widely spoken and understood as a second language by the vast majority of Pakistanis. Hindko is mutually intelligible with Punjabi and Saraiki,[82] and has more affinities with the latter than with the former. listeners: [], 319325, 2010. Arch. Chart. The coefficient itself is calculated taking into account the total number of married couples, number of related couples, the number of various types of relationshiops and coefficients of relationships, using a complex formula 10 These relationships were used to calculate coefflcient of inbreeding in the families under study, but for the sake of statistical analysis, first cousins once removed were grouped with second cousins and second cousins once removed were considered together with distant relatives, The data was subjected to detailed statistical analysis. Z. Liang, Photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and its translocation in inter-sub-specific hybrid rice, Acta Agronomica Sinica, vol. Relationship between current photosynthate accumulation (CPA) panicle, Copyright 2015 Md Moinul Haque et al. T. Horie, I. Lubis, T. Takai et al., Physiological traits associated with higher yield potential in rice, in Rice Science: Innovations and Impact for Livelihood: Proceedings of the International Rice Research Conference 16-19 September 2002, T. W. Mew, D. S. Brar, S. Peng, D. Dawe, and B. Hardy, Eds., pp. In the Middle East, it has been invogue for thousands of years2 and approximately 6,5%. 5. Cheng et al. Flag leaves were sampled from main tillers at 2, 9, 16, and 23 days after flowering and a 20mg segment from middle portion of the flag leaf was used for chlorophyll analysis. 19271936, 2008, (Chinese with English abstract). Of course, there are some notable issues with the reliability of the new studys numbers as well. The statistics below do not contain Azad Kashmir or Gilgit-Baltistan, which disseminate their census data separately from Pakistan's four provinces and Islamabad. 236-252. In captive breeding facilities these two individuals are often related, making inbreeding common. Pakistan's population is distributed unevenly, with over half of the country's people living in the Punjab province. Imaizumi, Y., Schinozaki, N. and Aoki, H. Inbreedmg in Japan: Results of a nation-wide study. Whereas, some investigators mentioned that the hybrid has the lower single-leaf photosynthetic rate throughout the whole growth period and greater LAI contributes to the heterosis in biomass production and grain yield [3, 29, 30]. Who is the most inbred person? It is generally accepted that the founding population size of Homo sapiens was small, with effective population estimates ranging downward from 10,000 to 1,9002,800 and 1,000 to 700 (14).With such limited total numbers and population dispersal caused by a huntergatherer existence, a substantial level of inbreeding Consanguineous marriage in Pakistan was reported to be higher than 60% of the population in 2014. Introduction. 2. Leaf area index (LAI) increased gradually in all the tested varieties in all the planting dates up to heading and in most of the cases the differences are nonsignificant. 7, pp. D. F. Russell, MSTAT-C Package Program, Crop and Soil Science Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich, USA, 1986. as of 2018[38], Ethnic groups in Pakistan (World Factbook)[41], The major ethnolinguistic groups of Pakistan include Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis, Muhajirs, Balochs, Paharis[a][b] and Brahuis,[42][c] with significant numbers of Kashmiris, Chitralis, Shina, Baltis, Kohistanis, Torwalis, Hazaras, Burusho, Wakhis, Kalash, Siddis and other various minorities. As is true with population growth, urbanisation is an uneven and nonlinear process. A consecutive sample hospital based prospective survey of 5000 Armed Fomes families was carried out in the Department of Paediatnc Surgery at Military Hospital, Rawalpindi from April, 1992 to April, 1993. 3, pp. 5155, 2002. More than 20% of the world population favours consanguineous marriages because of its social benefits1 - It certainly is supportive to the women in patrilineal descent of families in the developing countries. There was no significant preference for marriage towards paternal side, maternal side orboth, as the percentage ratio of first cousins, second cousins and distant related couples was nearly the same in all the groups (Table III). S. H. Cheng, L. Y. Cao, S. G. Chen et al., Conception of late-stage vigor super hybrid rice and its biological significance, Chinese Journal of Rice Science, vol. Of all the children with malformations, 83% (1530 out of 1835) were the product of consanguineous marriages with a ratio of 5:1 between related and unrelated parents as compared to 2.6:1 in the comparison group which had no malformations in their children with a p=0.00008, Pearsons Chi squarevalue of 15.66 and a contingency coefficient of 0.12417, making this association highly significant. 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrcaa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-dea) but later work has shown this to be unlikely. 811817, 2004. This study was only confined to visible or easily detectable malformations. [8]; and Wu et al. According to The Daily Mail, extrapolating the teams findings to the U.K. population as a whole would suggest that an estimated 13,200 U.K. citizens are the result of extreme inbreeding. window.mc4wp = window.mc4wp || { Postheading photosynthetic dry matter accumulation panicle1 in both the hybrids exhibited higher degree of thermosensitivity. These cookies do not store any personal information. They prepared estimates of Pakistan's population for every year from 1950 to 2021, as well as projections for future decades. In both the years, the maximum grain yield for all varieties was achieved at early planting dates (20 December) and there was a gradual decreasing trend observed in delayed planting. All the fertilizers were applied as basal except urea which was applied as top dressing in 3 equal installments at 15 days after transplanting (DAT), tillering stage (30 DAT), and panicle initiation stage (45 DAT). The countries of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have high rates of incest. Hashmi ( Department of Paediatric Surgery, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. Some societies use religious or legal sanctions to discourage such marriages. [74], Like other languages of this family, Sindhi has passed through Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) and Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha) stages of growth. Pakistan had a population of 213,222,917 according to the final results of the 2017 Census of Pakistan. WebA 2005 BBC survey found that 55 percent of Britains huge Pakistani population was married to a first cousin. Coefficients of inbreeding ranged from 10.15 to 37.50 percent for 295 animals, being 1.70 percent of the flock. and Al-Hakkak, iS. Both the hybrids, Heera2 and BRRI hybrid dhan2, clearly superseded the elite inbred BRRI dhan45 in respect of assimilate remobilization from shoot reserve in early planting (Table 6). ), 7.2 deaths / 1,000 population (2021 est. Therefore, it is imperative to clarify this controversy on hybrid rice varieties. Kulkami, ML. The studied hybrid and inbred varieties produced statistically similar grain yield at delayed planting (5 February) in 2008-09 and 2009-10, which was associated with rapid reduction of the number of filled grain percentage in hybrid varieties. [18], Jeng et al. They are prohibited in certain parts of the world (e.g., North America) because of religious sanctions. Tang et al. Grey, R.F. Genet., 1958; 10:446-451. T. Kobata and N. Uemuki, High temperatures during the grain-filling period do not reduce the potential grain dry matter increase of rice, Agronomy Journal, vol. Balochi () is an Iranian language spoken as a first language by about 3% of Pakistanis, mostly in the Balochistan province. The data recorded in these surveys is used by the United Nations in order to estimate historical and future fertility and mortality figures for Pakistan in the World Population Prospects.[15]. 263271, 1998. Considering the prevalence of malformations with the types of relationship of parents, the inter-marriage with first cousins alone, was highly significant (p=<0.01) (JPMA 47:75,1997). Genet., 1990;27:348-52. London, Pelican books, 1966. As Pakistan lacks a national vital statistics system that publicly disseminates data, all of the following information is made from estimates, which are constantly being revised. Then, the five readings were averaged for the plot. B. Ferrer, Bi-phasic growth patterns in rice, Annals of Botany, vol. 33, no. 94, no. 39, no. This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Ann. 3, pp. Chlorophyll a:b ratio of the flag leaf was higher in both the hybrids. A staff writer for All Thats Interesting, Marco Margaritoff has also published work at outlets including People, VICE, and Complex, covering everything from film to finance to technology. Other factors such as outliers and founders will Due to a high fertility rate, estimated at 3.5 in 2022, Pakistan has one of the world's youngest populations. He et al., Comparison of high-yield rice in tropical and subtropical environments I. Determinants of grain and dry matter yields, Field Crops Research, vol. Thompson, LS. 47, no. W.-G. Wu, H.-C. Zhang, Y.-F. Qian et al., Analysis on dry matter production characteristics of super hybrid rice, Rice Science, vol. 67% in Saudi Arabia 64% in Jordan and Kuwait 63% in Sudan Between 50% and 60% in Iraq, the UAE and Qatar You only have access to basic statistics. WebAccording to a study titled Identifying Genes Responsible for Intellectual Disability in Consanguineous Families [ PDF] by Zafar Iqbal, the rate of consanguinity is very high in Pakistan (>60%). What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. And the researchers found 125 cases like this. Pakistan's Human Development Index (HDI) value for 2018 is in the medium human development category with a score of 0.560 (152nd rank out of 189 countries and territories) compared to 0.614 (135th rank) for Bangladesh and 0.647 (129th rank) for India. and Neal, J.V. In 1,200 years just 100,000 books have been translated into Arabic, a number achieved by Spain every year. ). 5.1. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. Because of this, Pakistan has a multicultural, multilinguistic, and multiethnic society. Kobata et al. Perinatal malformation related mortality has recently been studied in Europeans and Pakistanis settled abroad7-9 (Table).One evident factorwas the different inbreeding coefficient of the two populations which probably was responsible for such significantly different results. The Middle East has a common practice of cousin marriage. Sindhi () is an Indo-Aryan language spoken as a first language by almost 15% of Pakistanis, mostly in the Sindh province of Pakistan. There are small non-Muslim religious groups, including Christians, Ahmadis, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Bahs and Zoroastrians (Parsis),[95]. [25], Poshtmasari et al. Plants from the central 6m2 undisturbed area in each plot were harvested at maturity and grain yields were recorded. Even in England, more than half of Pakistani immigrants are married to their first cousins, and in Denmark the number of B. H. Zhao, P. Wang, H. X. Zhang, Q. S. Zhu, and J. C. Yang, Source-sink and grain filling characteristics of two-line hybrid rice Yangliangyou 6, Rice Science, vol. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan. Its true that many people in the region have committed incest. It indicated that higher flag leaf chlorophyll content was the inherent characters of the studied hybrids. This result revealed that hybrid rice varieties maintained significantly greater LAI from heading to maturity stage compared to the inbred. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/383207/fertility-rate-in-pakistan/, Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020, Immediate access to statistics, forecasts & reports, Life expectancy at birth in Pakistan 2020, Life expectancy at birth in Pakistan 2020, by gender, Median age of the population in Pakistan 2020, Gross domestic product (GDP) in Pakistan 2022, Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Pakistan 2022, Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate in Pakistan 2027*, Pakistan: Share in global GDP adjusted for PPP 2028, Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors Pakistan 2021, Employment by economic sector in Pakistan 2019, Youth unemployment rate in Pakistan in 2021, National debt of Pakistan in relation to gross domestic product (GDP) 2028, Ratio of military expenditure to gross domestic product (GDP) in Pakistan 2021, Ratio of government expenditure to gross domestic product (GDP) in Pakistan 2028, Pakistan's budget balance in relation to GDP 2028, New cases of COVID-19 worldwide from January 23, 2020 to February 26, 2023, by day, Cumulative cases of COVID-19 worldwide from Jan. 22, 2020 to Feb. 26, 2023, by day, Shipment volume of PET food containers Japan 2011-2020, Average length of stay of visitors from Hong Kong 5-star hotels Macao 2012-2022, CAGR of denture exports in China 2007-2019, Leading plastic product companies India 2020 based on net sales, Hong Kong : pre-purchase sources of product information 2015, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. Inbreeding significantly (P<0.01) affected birth and 60 days weight. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? The numberofmalfonnedchildrenin related and unrelated parents were noted and subjected to various comparative methods of analysis. Occasional papers, second series, No.4, London, Gallon Institute, 1992. Interaction effect of variety and planting date were nonsignificant in all the cases. Photosynthate accumulation panicle1 decreased at the rate of ca. In Pakistan, cousin marriage is legal and common for economic, religious and cultural reasons. As medical science progressed over the last 150 years, the catastrophic effects of inbreeding were discovered, and has become all but eliminated in the Western World. While every one of Pakistan's administrative units currently has a growing population, the pace of growth is uneven throughout the country due to differing levels of fertility, mortality, as well as domestic and international migration. The sample plan was designed to have an adequate representation of all the socioeconomical and demographic groups. 96, no. and Thompson, MW Genetics, in medicine. In July 2022, the United Nations published its 2022 World Population Prospects, a biennially-updated database where key demographic indicators are estimated and projected worldwide down to the country level. In Pakistan, close to 70% of the population is inbred, In England, half of Pakistani immigrants are married to first cousins, Between 50% and 60% in Iraq, the UAE and Qatar, Danish Psychologist Nicolai Sennels estimates that half of all muslims in the world are inbred, causing potentially irreversible damage to the gene pool. [3] reported that hybrid had lower single-leaf photosynthetic rate at grain filling phase as compared to inbred. [7] This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. One hundred and thirty-five of these families had one additional child malformed, whereas, 10 had two malformed children in addition to the index child with whom they reported. Causes of deafness in schools for the deaf in Madaras. I. Oh-e, K. Saitoh, and T. Kuroda, Effects of rising temperature on growth, yield and dry-matter production of rice grown in the paddy field, in Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, Poster no. 2835, 2003. [87], Other languages spoken by linguistic minorities include the languages listed below, with speakers ranging from a few hundred to tens of thousands. 135138, 1999. as compared to 26% (305 out of,1 180) in unrelated (p=0.00008). [41] reported higher photosynthetic capability of flag leaf in hybrid rice. Effects of parental consanguinity on fertility, mortality and morbidity among the pattusalis of Tirupati, South India. A single plot was comprised of 20 lines and each line contained 26 hills. The BRRI hybrid dhan2 is a popular indica hybrid rice variety developed by Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) in 2008. WebNikolai Sennels estimates that close to half of all Muslims in the world today are inbred. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Brahui is spoken in the central part of Pakistani Balochistan, mainly in Kalat, Khuzdar and Mastung districts, but also in smaller numbers in neighbouring districts, as well as in Afghanistan which borders Pakistani Balochistan; however, many members of the ethnic group no longer speak Brahui. WebThe Real Housewives of Atlanta The Bachelor Sister Wives 90 Day Fiance Wife Swap The Amazing Race Australia Married at First Sight The Real Housewives of Dallas My 600-lb Life Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Joe Rogan podcast. The populatio is being affected by this. 363370, 2008. Such a decline has not been seen anywhere else due to the positive social benefits which such marriages provide, especially to women. All the plant samples were separated into root, leaf blades (leaf), culm and sheath (stem), and panicles. 19, pp. The statistics in the graphs below were created by the United Nations in July 2022,[7] and are covered in more detail in the following section. Dry matter accumulation at heading and its remobilization to the grain of the tested hybrid and inbred varieties at four planting dates for two year have been shown in Table 6. World Bank. About 3.4% of animals were 25% or more inbred. Chlorophyll content indicates photosynthetic efficiency of leaves [24, 40]. Researchers Find 13,200 Cases Of U.K. Inbreeding And Think The True Number Is Even Higher. Hum. 1. Complete analysis of malformed children (Figure 4) The extent to which our estimate reflects the true prevalence of [extreme inbreeding] in the entire UK population is a difficult question, said Yengo. One seedling (30 days old) was transplanted per hill maintaining 25cm 15cm spacing. 20-22 Wenlock Road The hybrids exhibited significantly lower number of panicles m2 and on average 33.95% higher number of spikelets panicle1 compared to the tested inbred, irrespective of planting date. J. Pediatr. 13, pp. Languages with more than a million speakers each include Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu, Balochi, Hindko, Pahari-Pothwari[b] and Brahui. In this study there was no significant difference in flag leaf photosynthetic rate between the studied hybrid and inbred rice varieties, irrespective of planting dates. Flag leaf chlorophylls were extracted using 80% acetone solution and were estimated with a double beam spectrophotometer (Model: U-2001, Hitachi, Japan) according to Witham et al. 0.2g in the hybrids for rising average daily temperature 1C from 29C while this reduction rate was negligible in the inbred rice variety (Figure 3). 184188, 2001. Days to heading decreased gradually with delayed planting and the magnitude of reduction was almost similar in the hybrid and inbred varieties. 4, no. Rice production stood at 7.44 million tons during 20172018 showing a record increase of 8.61% over previous years production of 6.85 million tons (Economic Survey of Pakistan 20172018). Sarhaddi is a sub-dialect of Rakshani. It is used in the calculation of the coefficient of relationship because it With an urbanisation rate of 51.9% as of 2017, Sindh is the country's most urbanised province, and is even more urban than Islamabad Capital Territory. [76][77], Saraiki () is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken in central and southeastern Pakistan, primarily in the southern part of the province of Punjab. 2, pp. [36]: This study reports the prevalence of consanguineous marriage and its effect on the prevalence of congenital gross malformations in Northern Pakistan, a region which has, probably, the highest coefficient of inbreeding in the world. The data of the families was divided into groups in two ways i.e., whether the parents were related or unrelated and whether their children had any congenital malformation or not. WebThe overall frequency of inbreeding was 76% with a coefficient of 0.04151 which is probably the highest figure reported in literature. This is largely fuelled by the growth of Karachi, which economically dominates the province and attracts migrants from the rest of the country. [68], Pashto () is an Iranian language spoken as a first language by more than 18% of Pakistanis, mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in northern Balochistan as well as in ethnic Pashtun communities in the cities of Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore, and most notably Karachi,[69][70][71][72] which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in the world.[73]. 15. However, environmental influence on total chlorophyll content of flag leaf was relatively small. Chi square and p-values were calculated alongwith contingency coefficients. Saraiki is to a high degree mutually intelligible with Standard Punjabi[78][79] and shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology. The overall frequency inbreeding in this study was 76% and the coefficient of inbreeding was 0.04151 (Table II). Regression analysis indicated that birth weight (p<0.05), weaning weight Dis. { 3. Grain filling index reflects the source-sink relationship [36]. Ratio of spikelets number to leaf area (at heading), yield sink to leaf area (at heading), and grain dry matter accumulated from current photosynthetic assimilation to leaf area (average from heading to maturity) were reflected the source-sink relation in the studied hybrid and inbred varieties (Table 6). Non-Western immigrants are 300% more likely to fail the intelligence test for entrance into the Danish Army. On the other hand, the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the territory of Gilgit-Baltistan both share very low urbanisation rates of 16.5%. J,Hum. The country's urban population more than tripled between 1981 and 2017 (from 23.8million to 75.7million), as Pakistan's urbanisation rate rose from 28.2% to 36.4%. Filled grain percentage of inbred BRRI dhan45 was more or less stable at different planting dates. 10, no. answer a questionnaire which included, among other variables, parents relationship to each other (whether first cousins (n=3 125), flrstcousins once removed (n=200), second cousins (n=330), second cousins once removed (n=50) and the couples who were related but the exact relationship could not be established distant relatives (n=115)). J. J. Tang, H. Chen, and S. Katsuyoshi, Varietial differences in photosynthetic characters and chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics parameters among intergeneric progeny drive from Oryza x Sorghum, its parents and hybrid rice, Journal of Zhejiang University of Science B, vol. Languages of Pakistan. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association has agreed to receive and publish manuscripts in accordance with the principles of the following committees: Copyrights 2015 JPMA - All Rights Reserved. Any gross, physical malfonnations in the presenting child and the sibling were noted in detail.
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